🤝 net Module - TCP Networking Made Easy

The net module provides an implementation of TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) sockets.

• Connection-Oriented: A client and server must perform a “handshake” to establish a dedicated connection before any data can be exchanged.

• Reliable and Ordered: TCP guarantees that every packet of data sent will be received, and that the packets will be assembled in their original order. If a packet is lost, it’s automatically re-transmitted.

• Stream-Based: Data is treated as a continuous stream of bytes, not as a series of distinct messages.

Analogy: If UDP is like sending a postcard (fast, no guarantees), then TCP is like making a telephone call. You have to establish a connection first, and the conversation is a reliable, ordered, two-way stream of information.

This makes TCP the right choice for applications where data integrity is non-negotiable, like APIs, chat applications, and database connections.

• Use Cases: File transfers, web browsing, email, and other applications where reliability and order are critical.

⚙️ The Core net Workflow

The net module allows you to create TCP sockets to send and receive data streams.

• The Server: You create a server using net.createServer(). This server then listens on a specific port for incoming connections using server.listen(). When a client connects, the server emits a ‘connection’ event, providing a socket object.

• The Client: A client uses net.connect() or net.createConnection() to establish a connection with a server at a specific address and port.

• The socket Object: This is the heart of a TCP connection. The socket object (an instance of net.Socket) is a Duplex Stream. This means you can read from it to receive data and write to it to send data over the same channel.

💻 Practical Example: A TCP Client & Server

This example demonstrates a simple multi-client chat room. The server will broadcast any message it receives from one client to all other connected clients.

const net = require("net");
 
const PORT = 9000;
const clients = []; // Array to hold connected client sockets
 
const server = net.createServer((socket) => {
  // A new client has connected.
  const clientId = `${socket.remoteAddress}:${socket.remotePort}`;
  console.log(`New client connected: ${clientId}`);
  clients.push(socket);
 
  // When this client sends data...
  socket.on("data", (data) => {
    console.log(`Received from ${clientId}: ${data.toString().trim()}`);
    // ...broadcast it to all other clients.
    clients.forEach((client) => {
      if (client !== socket) {
        // Don't send the message back to the sender
        client.write(`> ${clientId}: ${data.toString().trim()}`);
      }
    });
  });
 
  // When the client disconnects...
  socket.on("end", () => {
    clients.splice(clients.indexOf(socket), 1); // Remove from the array
    console.log(`Client disconnected: ${clientId}`);
  });
 
  // Handle socket errors
  socket.on("error", (err) => {
    console.log(`Error with client ${clientId}: ${err.message}`);
    clients.splice(clients.indexOf(socket), 1);
  });
});
 
server.listen(PORT, "127.0.0.1", () => {
  console.log(`TCP server listening on port ${PORT}`);
});

const net = require("net");
 
const client = net.connect({ port: 9000, host: "127.0.0.1" });
 
client.on("connect", () => {
  console.log("Connected to the server!");
  console.log("You can now type messages and press Enter to send.");
});
 
// When data is received from the server, log it to the console.
client.on("data", (data) => {
  console.log(data.toString());
});
 
// Pipe keyboard input directly to the server socket.
process.stdin.pipe(client);
 
client.on("end", () => {
  console.log("Disconnected from the server.");
  process.exit();
});
 
client.on("error", (err) => {
  console.error(`Connection error: ${err.message}`);
});